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In PostgreSQL releases prior to 7.1, the size of any row in the database could not exceed the size of a data page. Since the size of a data page is 8192 bytes (the default, which can be raised up to 32768), the upper limit on the size of a data value was relatively low. To support the storage of larger atomic values, PostgreSQL provided and continues to provide a large object interface. This interface provides file-oriented access to user data that is stored in a special large-object structure.
This chapter describes the implementation and the programming and query language interfaces to PostgreSQL large object data. We use the libpq C library for the examples in this chapter, but most programming interfaces native to PostgreSQL support equivalent functionality. Other interfaces may use the large object interface internally to provide generic support for large values. This is not described here.
POSTGRES 4.2, the indirect predecessor
of PostgreSQL, supported three standard
implementations of large objects: as files external to the
POSTGRES server, as external files
managed by the POSTGRES server, and as
data stored within the POSTGRES
database. This caused considerable confusion among users. As a
result, only support for large objects as data stored within the
database is retained in PostgreSQL.
Even though this is slower to access, it provides stricter data
integrity. For historical reasons, this storage scheme is
referred to as Inversion large
objects. (You will see the term Inversion used
occasionally to mean the same thing as large object.) Since
PostgreSQL 7.1, all large objects are
placed in one system table called
pg_largeobject.
PostgreSQL 7.1 introduced a mechanism (nicknamed "TOAST") that allows data rows to be much larger than individual data pages. This makes the large object interface partially obsolete. One remaining advantage of the large object interface is that it allows values up to 2 GB in size, whereas TOAST can only handle 1 GB.